Mesophilic Cheese Starter
The taste of the final product will vary slightly from that of a true cheese culture.
1. Start with 2 cups of FRESH store bought Cultured Buttermilk.
2. Let the 2 cups of buttermilk reach room temperature (70 degrees F/21 degrees C).
3. Then allow the buttermilk to ripen for about 6-8 hours. (Store bought buttermilk does not have a high enough concentration of bacteria to serve as a starter culture without ripening.)
4. The resulting buttermilk will be much thicker and sour then what you started with. It should have the consistency of fresh yogurt, if it doesn't let it sit a few more hours.
5. Pour this culture into a full sized CLEAN ice cube tray and put into your FREEZER. As with all steps of cheesemaking, cleanliness is of utmost importance.
6. Once frozen, remove the cubes and put into a CLEAN sealed container or plastic freezer bags. It is a good idea to label the container to distinguish it from your thermophilic culture.
7. The resulting ice cubes are each 1 ounce of mesophilic starter.
8. Add these cubes (thawed) to your recipes as required. The cubes will keep for about one month.
To make more starter simply thaw one cube and add into 2 cups of fresh milk. Mix thoroughly with a fork or a whisk. Allow the milk/culture to stand at room temperature (70 degrees F/21 degrees C) for 16-24 hours or until the consistency of fresh yogurt. Then follow from step 5.
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Landfill leachate treatment using thermophilic membrane bioreactor [An article from: Desalination]View This Product at Amazon
This digital document is a journal article from Desalination, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.
Description:
This study was undertaken to investigate the performance of aerobic thermophilic membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating raw landfill leachate from two landfill sites in Thailand (Pathumthani site and Ram Indra site). The leachates from these sites were mixed in different proportions to produce a BOD/COD ratio of 0.39, 0.57, and 0.65, which was investigated in 3 experimental runs. The COD, ammonia, and TKN composition of the mixed leachate was 12,000, 1700 and 1900 mg/L, respectively. BOD was supplemented with glucose and soy protein. The system was operated at 45^oC and at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 hrs. The membrane used was a ceramic membrane with an ''outside-in'' flow mode and consisted of 22 open fibres with an inner diameter of approximately 2 mm. The COD removal rate increased from an average value of 62-79% while ammonia removal efficiency decreased from 75 to 60% with gradual increase in BOD. Furthermore, a high BOD removal efficiency (97-99%) was also observed. This clearly indicates that thermophilic system is highly suitable for COD and BOD removal especially at elevated organic loading. However, the system does not favor high nitrogen content wastewaters as the ammonia removal efficiency dropped with increasing BOD/COD ratio. Similar trends were found in TKN analysis as well. However, this system could serve as a pretreatment in removing ammonia. The concentrations of soluble and bound extra-cellular polymeric substances (EPS) found in thermophilic MBR were higher when compared to the corresponding concentrations in a mesophilic MBR, which led to a higher rate of fouling in the thermophilic membrane.
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